Comparing Bayesian models for the genetic evaluation of oocytes and embryo counts in Dairy Gir cattle.

Count traits are usually explored in livestock breeding programs, and they usually do not fit into normal distribution, requiring alternatives to adjust the phenotype to estimate accurate genetic parameters and breeding values. Alternatively, distribution such as Poisson can be used to evaluate count traits. This study aimed to compare and discuss the genetic evaluation for oocyte and embryo counts considering Gaussian (untransformed variable - LIN; transformed by logarithm - LOG; transformed by Anscombe - ANS) and Poisson (POI) distributions. The data comprised 11,343 total oocytes (TO), viable oocytes (VO), cleaved embryos (CE), and viable embryo (VE) records of ovum pick-up from 1740 Dairy Gir heifers and cows. The genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated by the MCMCglmm package of the R software. The posterior means of heritability varied from 0.40 (LIN) to 0.49 (POI) for TO, 0.39 (LIN) to 0.49 (POI) for VO, 0.30 (LOG) to 0.41 (POI) for cleaved embryos, and 0.19 (LIN) to 0.32 (POI) for viable embryos. The posterior means of repeatability varied from 0.56 (LIN) to 0.65 (POI) for TO, 0.53 (LOG) to 0.63 (POI) for VO, 0.44 (LOG) to 0.60 (POI) for CE, and 0.36 (LOG) to 0.56 (POI) for VE. Deviance information criterion and mean squared residuals indicated that POI model should be used for the genetic evaluation of embryo and oocyte count traits. Spearman's rank correlation between estimated breeding value (EBV) for embryo and oocyte count traits computed by POI, LOG, and ANS models was high (ranging from 0.77 to 0.99), indicating little reranking among the best animals. The POI model is the most adequate for genetic evaluation, resulting in more reliable EBV of oocyte and embryo count traits for Dairy Gir cattle.

Candidate genes for longitudinal traits under sequential sampling in beef cattle.

Both the measurement age of a longitudinal trait and the common pre-sampling procedures used in beef cattle herds may affect the identification of a functional candidate gene (FCG) that is potentially associated with a trait. To identify the FCG that takes part in the genetic control of body weight at five different ages in a beef cattle population with and without sequential sampling, the animals were weighed at different measurement events, around 330, 385, 440, 495 and 550 days old. Genetic parameters were estimated for body weight at each age using a single trait (STM) and a random regression model (RRM). In addition, two different databases were used to estimate the genetic parameters: the first (DB100) was formed by all animals that were weighed in the five measurement events, and the second (DB70) has records of the same population, considering that 70% of the heaviest animals were selected after each measurement event. For DB100, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed with 21,667 SNP markers to identify genomic windows that explained at least 1% of the genetic variance. Additionally, prioritization analyses were performed and FCGs were selected. We associated seven different FCGs with body weight at different ages. Among them, the gene DUSP10 was suggested as FCG in all five ages evaluated. Genetic parameters estimated for body weight using DB100 were similar when STM and RRM were applied. However, when DB70 was used as phenotypic data, there were differences between the two models. When the STM was applied, there were differences between the genetic parameters estimated for body weight when DB100 or DB70 were used as sources of phenotypes, but not for the estimates obtained with RRM. The importance of each gene for animal growth can change at different ages, and different genes may be more relevant to body weight at each different growth stage for beef cattle. Besides, sequential sampling can affect the GWAS results of a longitudinal trait. The age of the animal when a longitudinal trait is measured and pre-sampling can also contribute to inconsistencies in GWAS results for body weight in beef cattle, depending on the time when that data were collected, and consequently on the identification of FCG between studies, even when models that consider a covariance structure are used.

Impact of heat stress on genetic evaluation of oocyte and embryo production in Gir dairy cattle.

Identifying and selecting genotypes tolerant to heat stress might improve reproductive traits in dairy cattle, including oocyte and embryo production. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used, via random regression models, to investigate the impact of heat stress on genetic parameters and breeding values of oocyte and embryo production in Gir dairy cattle. We evaluated records of total oocytes (TO), viable oocytes (VO), cleaved embryos (CE), and viable embryos (VE) from dairy Gir donors. Twenty-four models were tested, considering age at ovum pick-up (AOPU) and THI means as a regressor in the genetic evaluation. We computed THI in eight periods, from 0 to 112 days before ovum pick-up, which were adjusted by different orders of Legendre polynomials (second, third, and fourth). The best-fit model according to Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Model Posterior Probabilities (MPP) considered Legendre polynomials of third order and THI means of 112 days for TO, fourth order and 56 days for VO, second order and 28 days for CE, and second order and 42 days for VE, respectively. The heritability (h2) estimates across AOPU and THI scales ranged from 0.34 to 0.62 for TO, 0.31 to 0.58 for VO, 0.26 to 0.39 for CE, and 0.15 to 0.26 for VE, respectively. The fraction of the phenotypic variance explained by the permanent environment in different AOPU and THI scales ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 for TO, 0.05 to 0.26 for VO, 0.09 to 0.36 for CE, and 0.15 to 0.27 for VE, respectively. Spearman's rank correlation between the estimated breeding values in different AOPU and THI scale from the top 5% sires and females ranged from 0.18 to 0.90 for TO, 0.31 to 0.95 for VO, 0.14 to 0.85 for CE, and 0.47 to 0.94 for VE, respectively. The h2 estimates for all evaluated traits varied from moderate to high magnitude across AOPU and THI scales, indicating that genetic selection can result in rapid genetic progress for the evaluated traits. There was a reranking among the best animals in different AOPU and THI. It is possible to select dairy Gir cattle tolerant to heat stress to improve oocyte and embryo production.

A Preliminary Investigation of Salmonella Populations in Indigenous Portuguese Layer Hen Breeds.

The sustainability of agroecological systems, biodiversity protection, animal welfare, and consumer demand for higher quality products from alternative and extensive farming methods have reinforced interest in local breeds that are well adapted to low-input environments. However, food safety needs to be safeguarded to reinforce consumer confidence. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in eggshells, hen's cloaca, and litter materials from autochthonous Portuguese laying hens raised in a semi-extensive system for small-scale production. A total of 279 samples from 31 flocks belonging to 12 farms were obtained, with 63 samples from the "Preta Lusitânica" breed, and 72 samples each from the remaining autochthonous breeds, namely, "Branca", "Amarela", and "Pedrês Portuguesa". None (0%) of the samples analyzed were positive for Salmonella spp. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results of Salmonella evaluation from hen's cloaca, eggshells, and litter materials in autochthonous Portuguese chickens, suggesting that a semi-extensive production system can contribute to better food security and a lower risk to public health and the environment.

Carcass Yields and Meat Composition of Roosters of the Portuguese Autochthonous Poultry Breeds: "Branca", "Amarela", "Pedrês Portuguesa", and "Preta Lusitânica".

Poultry meat is an important part of the human diet, and the valorisation of autochthonous breeds is a determinant for the sustainability of the rural areas. The increasing demand for niche products demands for better knowledge of the carcass characteristics and meat quality of these local populations. The present study aims to characterise the roosters' meat from the "Branca" (BR), "Amarela" (AM), "Pedrês Portuguesa" (PP), and "Preta Lusitânica" (PL) breeds. A total of 80 birds (n = 20 per breed) between 38 and 42 weeks old were slaughtered. The physicochemical and nutritional composition were determined in the breast and drumstick meat. The meat of the PL breed had a higher (p ≤ 0.05) pH value, the AM meat revealed a water-holding capacity (WHC) of superior value and moisture content (p ≤ 0.05), while the BR breed had the highest (p ≤ 0.05) ash content. On the other hand, it was observed that the PP meat had a higher (p ≤ 0.05) yellowness index (b*). The breast meat exhibited, in all breeds, a lower pH value, WHC, redness (a*), and lipid content and greater (p ≤ 0.05) lightness (L*), b*, moisture, and ash and protein contents compared to the drumstick. Furthermore, it presented higher (p ≤ 0.05) K, P, and Mg contents and a superior proportion of total and sensorial relevant amino acids. Regarding the fatty acid profile, the breed differences were more significant in the drumstick, with the AM breed lipids presenting a higher (p ≤ 0.05) percentage of MUFAs in the fat, a lower atherogenic index, and a higher (p ≤ 0.05) value for the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acids ratio, while the BR breed lipids presented a higher (p ≤ 0.05) percentage of PUFAs and PUFAs/SFAs ratio and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Considering the results obtained, it can be concluded that the meat from these breeds is a wholesome dietary option, distinguished by a favourable overall nutritional composition marked by elevated protein content, reduced lipid amounts, and amino and fatty acid profiles with desirable nutritional indices.

Unravelling the genetic variability of host resilience to endo- and ectoparasites in Nellore commercial herds.

BACKGROUND: Host resilience (HR) to parasites can affect the performance of animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a detailed investigation of the genetic mechanisms of HR to ticks (TICK), gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), and Eimeria spp. (EIM) in Nellore cattle that were raised under natural infestation and a prophylactic parasite control strategy. In our study, HR was defined as the slope coefficient of body weight (BW) when TICK, GIN, and EIM burdens were used as environmental gradients in random regression models. In total, 1712 animals were evaluated at five measurement events (ME) at an average age of 331, 385, 443, 498, and 555 days, which generated 7307 body weight (BW) records. Of the 1712 animals, 1075 genotyped animals were used in genome-wide association studies to identify genomic regions associated with HR. RESULTS: Posterior means of the heritability estimates for BW ranged from 0.09 to 0.54 across parasites and ME. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-derived heritability for BW at each ME ranged from a low (0.09 at ME.331) to a moderate value (0.23 at ME.555). Those estimates show that genetic progress can be achieved for BW through selection. Both genetic and genomic associations between BW and HR to TICK, GIN, and EIM confirmed that parasite infestation impacted the performance of animals. Selection for BW under an environment with a controlled parasite burden is an alternative to improve both, BW and HR. There was no impact of age of measurement on the estimates of genetic variance for HR. Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with HR to EIM but none with HR to TICK and to GIN. These QTL contain genes that were previously shown to be associated with the production of antibody modulators and chemokines that are released in the intestinal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Selection for BW under natural infestation and controlled parasite burden, via prophylactic parasite control, contributes to the identification of animals that are resilient to nematodes and Eimeria ssp. Although we verified that sufficient genetic variation existed for HR, we did not find any genes associated with mechanisms that could justify the expression of HR to TICK and GIN.

Genetic and phenotypic parameters for sexual precocity and parasite resistance traits in Nellore cattle.

Indicator traits of sexual precocity are widely used as selection criteria for the genetic improvement of beef cattle; however, the impact of selection for these traits on resistance to endoparasites and ectoparasites is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters for indicator traits of sexual precocity and parasite resistance in Nellore cattle. The sexual precocity traits evaluated were probability of first calving (PFC) and scrotal circumference at 12 and 18 months of age (SC12 and SC18). The resistance-related traits included tick (TC), gastrointestinal nematode egg (NEC), and Eimeria spp. oocyst (EOC) counts. (Co)variance components were estimated by Bayesian inference using multitrait animal models. The mean heritabilities for PFC, SC12, SC18, TC, NEC, and EOC were 0.23, 0.38, 0.42, 0.14, 0.16, and 0.06, respectively, and suggest that selection will change the mean values of these traits over time. The genetic and phenotypic correlations for most pairs formed by a precocity and a resistance trait were not different from zero, suggesting that selection for sexual precocity traits will not result in changes in resistance traits. Thus, selection for indicator traits of sexual precocity does not elicit unfavorable correlated responses in resistance to endoparasites and ectoparasites, and joint selection aimed at improving these traits can be performed using multitrait selection methods, when necessary.

Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Males and Females of the "Branca" Portuguese Autochthonous Chicken Breed.

The "Branca" breed is a dual-purpose Portuguese autochthonous chicken breed, produced in extensive systems and in small flocks, especially in the Entre Douro and Minho regions. A total of 40 birds (n = 20/sex) were slaughtered between 38 and 42 weeks (males) and 110 and 120 weeks (females), and carcass and meat quality parameters were evaluated. The results showed significantly higher weights and differences for males between sexes and pieces (p ≤ 0.05) in the meat physicochemical composition. Water holding capacity (WRC), moisture and ash contents were influenced by sex. They were higher in males in the breast and drumstick and lightness (L*) and lipid content were higher in females (p ≤ 0.05). The breast meat presented greater lightness, moisture, ash and protein contents, while the drumstick showed a higher pH value, redness (a*) and lipid content, in both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the nutritional properties, "Branca" meat revealed a good proportion of minerals and the female meat showed, in both pieces (p ≤ 0.05), significantly lower values for total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and higher values for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Breast meat was richer in n-3-PUFAs (C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) in both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the results obtained, it can be concluded that "Branca" breed meat is a healthy food characterized by a good general nutritional profile.

Biometric Characterization of the Portuguese Autochthonous Hens Breeds.

Promotion of the conservation and preservation of local breed's biodiversity combined with the concept of sustainable agriculture and development of economically marginal areas are important policies to implement in modern society. The biometric characterization, contributing to maintain phenotypic traits, is a significant tool in breeding programs, which revaluate local breeds, allow the preservation of animal biodiversity and support consumer demands. This paper approaches the biometric characterization of the Portuguese poultry breeds through the study of sexual dimorphism and breed differentiation using six zoometric measures as differentiation criteria. A total of 429 fowl (66 males and 426 females) were studied and the parameters recorded were body weight, body length, chest circumference, shank length, shank diameter and wingspan. A highly sexual dimorphism was evident, in all breeds, with the "Branca" breed being the most zoometrically distant. Concerning Principal Component Analysis, the highly correlations observed between body length, wingspan and shank length, determined the generalized animal form and could be used as selection criteria for improving body size. Breeding programs aiming to preserve these local genetic resources should consider the dual purpose of these breeds: sustainability and cultural legacy, and the offer to urban consumers a source of differentiated high-quality products.

Genetic trends and trade-offs between growth and reproductive traits in a Nellore herd.

The knowledge of genetic trends and trade-offs between growth and reproductive traits might be useful to understand the evolution of these traits in livestock and natural populations of animals. We estimated the genetic trends and trade-offs between pre-weaning growth and calving intervals of Nellore animals from a commercial farm. Two-trait animal models were used to estimate covariance components and breeding values (EBV) for direct and maternal genetic effects of pre-weaning growth and direct genetic effects of calving intervals. Regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between direct and maternal EBV of pre-weaning growth and direct EBV of calving intervals (dependent variables) and the coefficient of generation of each animal (independent variable). We also performed regression analyses to examine the relationship between direct EBV of calving intervals (dependent variables) and direct and maternal EBV of pre-weaning growth (independent variables). The genetic trends for direct and maternal genetic effect for pre-weaning growth were significant and presented genetic evolution in the studied Nellore herd. The genetic trends for the reproductive traits were also significant but indicated genetic changes in an unfavorable way. The genetic correlations between direct effects of pre-weaning growth and calving intervals traits and the genetic correlations between maternal effects of pre-weaning growth traits and direct effects of calving interval traits were not different from zero. The presence of trade-offs between the direct effects of growth and reproductive traits were confirmed through regression from direct EBV of calving intervals over EBV of pre-weaning growth traits. In addition, regression analyses showed that selection to increase pre-weaning growth also increased calving intervals. Our results showed that pre-weaning growth and calving intervals are increasing over generations and that trade-offs occurred between those traits in the studied Nellore herd.

Genetic correlations between body weight, scrotal circumference and visual evaluation scores in Bos indicus cattle.

The objective was to estimate genetic correlations between body weight (BW), scrotal circumference and visual evaluation scores of body conformation measured at standard ages in Guzerat cattle. All measurements were performed at 205 (weaning age), 365, 450 and 550 days of age; for BW, two additional measurements (at birth and 120 days of age) were realized. The data utilized in this study were retrieved from a database of the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders that contained information of registered Guzerat animals born between 1970 and 2013. Genetic parameters were estimated in bi-trait analyses by using Bayesian inference. Genetic correlations between BW at 205 and 450 days of age with other traits were high and positive, whereas the correlations between visual evaluation scores with other traits were moderate. Based on correlations herein obtained, we conclude that selection based on BW results in increased visual scores and scrotal circumference, leading to improvements in productive performance and animals with best body conformation.

Pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados: evolução do estado nutricional e fatores associados / Hospitalized pediatric patients: evolution of nutritional status and associated factors

Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes pediátricos durante a hospitalização e fatores associados. Método: Coorte prospectivo de 72 pacientes com idade entre 0 e 9 anos. Dados antropométricos incluíram peso, estatura e circunferência do braço. O diagnóstico nutricional foi determinado a partir do índice de peso/idade para todas as crianças, peso/estatura para menores de 5 anos e índice de massa corporal/idade para maiores de 5 anos. Os resultados foram apresentados como média, ± desvio-padrão ou mediana. Considerou-se diferença estatisticamente significante quando p<0,05. Teste t de Student foi utilizado para amostras dependentes pareadas, análise de variância ANOVA para medidas repetidas e correlação linear de Pearson para análise de correlações. Resultados: Do total da amostra, 52% (n=37) apresentaram ganho ponderal ao longo do internamento, sendo a média de 0,51 kg e mediana de 0,38 (DP±0,62), enquanto 45% (n=32) apresentaram perda ponderal, com média de -0,75 kg e mediana de -1,85 (DP±0,79), sendo a perda mais prevalente nos pacientes com idade superior a 60 meses (41%). Houve correlação fracamente positiva (r=0,26) entre o tempo de internação e a perda ponderal. Diagnóstico de doença aguda, idade superior a 60 meses e perda ponderal foram fatores associados a maior tempo de internação; ganho ou manutenção de peso associados a menor tempo. Conclusão: O acompanhamento da evolução do estado nutricional das crianças durante a hospitalização é fundamental para o entendimento dos principais fatores associados, possibilitando intervenções precisas e coerentes.

Prevalência e fatores de risco para infecção de sítio cirúrgico em mielomengocele / Prevalence of and risk factors for surgical site infections in patients with myelomeningocele / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo para infección del sitio quirúrgico en mielomeningocele

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) no tratamento de mielomeningocele infantil. Métodos: Foram listados os prontuários de crianças que se submeteram ao procedimento e analisados apenas os casos positivos para ISC. Resultados: De 2005 a 2010, foram listados 155 prontuários, dos quais 123 (79,35%) foram localizados. Destes, 14 (9,03%) foram descartados, restando 109 (70,32%) para análise. Houve 33,94% de prevalência da ISC, e predominaram a localização lombossacral (32,43%) e lesões rotas (83,78%). A maioria (86,49%) das crianças reali-zou correção cirúrgica após 48 horas de vida. Em 11 (27,73%) casos se fez cultura de material proveniente da ferida operatória, todas (100%) positivas; pre-dominaram Klebsiella pneumoniae (46,66%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26,67%). Conclusão: A taxa de prevalência de ISC neste estudo foi considerada alta quando comparada a outros tipos de cirurgia; no entanto, para cirurgias infectadas os níveis encontrados acordam com a literatura, que relata de 7 a 40%.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) in the treatment of children with myelomeningocele. Methods: The medical records of children who underwent the procedure were listed; only the cases that tested positive for SSI were analyzed. Results: From 2005 to 2010, 155 medical records were listed, 123 (79.35%) of which were found. Of these, 14 (9.03%) were discarded, and 109 (70.32%) remained for analysis. There was a 33.94% prevalence of SSIs; the lumbosacral localization (32.43%) and ruptured lesions (83.78%) are predominant. The majority (86.49%) of the children underwent surgical correction after 48 hours of life. In 11 (27.73%) cases, material from the surgical wound was cultured, all of them (100%) were positive; Klebsiella pneumoniae (46.66%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.67%) prevailed. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of SSIs in this study was high when compared to other types of surgery; for infected surgeries, however, the levels found are consistent with the literature, which reports from 7% to 40%.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo para infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) en el tratamiento de mielomeningocele infantil. Método: Fueron listados los históricos de niños que se sometieron al procedimiento y analizados apenas los casos positivos para ISC. Resultados: De 2005 a 2010, fueron listados 155 históricos, de los cuales 123 (79,35%) fueron ubicados. De estos, 14 (9,03%) fueron descartados, restando 109 (70,32%) para análisis. Hubo un 33,94% de prevalencia de la ISC, y predominaron la ubicación lumbosacra (32,43%) y lesiones rotas (83,78%). La mayoría (86,49%) de los niños realizó corrección quirúrgica tras 48 horas de vida. En 11 (27,73%) casos se hizo cultivo de material proveniente de la herida operatoria, todas (100%) positivas; predominaron Klebsiella pneumoniae (46,66%) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26,67%). Conclusión: La tasa de prevalencia de ISQ en este estudio fue considerada alta cuando comparada a otros tipos de cirugía; sin embargo, para cirugías infectadas los niveles encontrados acuerdan con la literatura, que relata de un 7 a un 40%.

The behavioural study of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) in captivity with environmental enrichment / Estudo comportamental do cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) em cativeiro com enriquecimento ambiental

The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is very rare animal species, whose maintenance and breeding in captivity can induce the expression of atypical behaviour. Information concerning environmental enrichment and assessment models of the behaviour of this species in the literature are insufficient. Therefore, a study was conducted in the Zoo-Botanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to evaluate the behaviour of two male bush dogs kept in captivity with different types of environmental enrichment, in April­May 2012. Data collection was performed before, during and after the presence of the environmental enrichment, three times a week in the morning and afternoon on alternate days for ten minutes, with immediate recording of activity performed by the animal every minute. It was observed that the animals interacted with all three types of ENRI used, but showed a greater interest in ENRI-2. No stereotyped behaviour or aggressive behaviour was observed, suggesting satisfactory welfare conditions for the animals in all environments tested. We conclude that the enrichment protocols can be used to stimulate the natural behaviour of the species, aiding the well-being and quality of life in captivity.

O cachorro-do-mato-vinagre ou cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) é uma espécie animal bastante rara. Sua manutenção e reprodução em cativeiro pode induzir a expressão de comportamentos atípicos. Informações sobre enriquecimento ambiental e modelos de avaliação do comportamento dessa espécie são insuficientes na literatura. Sendo assim, um estudo foi realizado na Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, para avaliar o comportamento de dois machos de cachorro vinagre mantidos em cativeiro com diferentes tipos de enriquecimento ambiental, entre os meses de abril a maio de 2012. A coleta dos dados foi realizada antes, durante e após a utilização do enriquecimento ambiental, três vezes por semana no período da manhã e da tarde em dias alternados, durante dez minutos, com registro instantâneo da atividade realizada pelo animal a cada minuto. Observou-se que os animais interagiram com os três tipos de enriquecimento utilizados, sendo demonstrado maior interesse pelo ENRI-2. Nenhum comportamento de estereotipia ou comportamento agressivo foi observado, sugerindo condições de bem-estar dos animais em todos os ambientes testados. Conclui-se que os protocolos de enriquecimento podem ser utilizados para estimular o comportamento natural da espécie, auxiliando no bem-estar e qualidade de vida em cativeiro.